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| Background on Minor Metals: A Market Analysis
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Minor Metals: A Market Analysis |
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Each chapter covering a single metal includes the following sections:
- Background
- Sourcing and Production
- Safety, Health and the Environment
- Applications
- Market Analysis
Background on Minor Metals: A Market Analysis
“Minor metals” are anything but. The 25 metals covered in this report, which excludes rare earths, precious metals and platinum group metals, are found in a wide range of industries. Minor metals, many of them irreplaceable in critical applications, in most cases are not sourced directly but only by their presence with other base metal ores with their own distinct markets. This characteristic often separates supply from actual market demand and creates fluctuations in price and availability. Some important minor metals are found in only a few, sometimes politically unstable countries, further contributing to market instability. Toxic metals like mercury and arsenic face dwindling markets as health and environmental regulations make their continued use problematic, while cadmium, also highly toxic, faces even more stringent regulation combined with growing demand in electronics and solar power.
The Thintri market study, Minor Metals: A Market Analysis, provides, for each minor metal included in the report, background information and a study of sourcing and production, as well as discussion of environmental, health, safety and nutrition issues. Each metal is also subjected to an analysis of current applications and market, with forecasts for demand going out to 2024, and price projections based on the influences of relevant markets and the factors affecting those markets.
Understand the Markets
Commodities, in their demand and prices, have had a few difficult years, and this certainly includes minor metals. The picture has improved, and present expert opinion presents a more favorable outlook for the forecast period. The Thintri study, Minor Metals: A Market Analysis, begins with an analysis of the end markets that most affect demand and availability for minor metals in general, such as currency markets, aerospace and defense, semiconductors, electronics, consumer products, automotive and others. The suitability of substitutes for some metals and their likely effects on demand are also discussed for individual metals.
Many minor metals are important constituents of more than one end market, and the report’s market forecasts balance the relative influence of these various factors on overall demand and pricing.
For many of the metals covered in the report, the forecast period represents a time of significant opportunity. For others, the future is bleak. And for a number, life will continue on pretty much as it has in the past. Thintri’s study, Minor Metals: A Market Analysis, provides a basis for the evaluation of opportunities for these metals in investment and trading, their availability and suitability for manufacture and production of numerous products, and a survey of the commercial and industrial landscape affecting these materials.
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#MNM1—Minor Metals: A Market Analysis
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Report Table of Contents:
CHAPTER 1 MARKET DRIVERS: OVERVIEW 1
1.1 Introduction 1
1.2 Currencies 1
1.3 Steel 1
1.4 Aerospace & Defense 2
1.5 Semiconductors 3
1.6 Consumer Products, Electronics 4
1.7 Automotive 4
1.8 Commodities 6
1.9 Nuclear 7
1.10 A Note About Prices 8
CHAPTER 2 ANTIMONY (Sb) 9
2.1 Background 9
2.2 Sourcing and Production 9
Figure 2-1 Geographic Segmentation, Antimony Production 11
2.3 Safety and Health 11
2.4 Applications 11
Figure 2-2 Antimony Applications by Share 13
2.5 Market Analysis: Antimony 13
Figure 2-3 Antimony Demand Forecast: Metal Hardening, Flame Retardation 14
Figure 2-4 Antimony Demand Forecast: General Industry, Semiconductors, Other 15
Figure 2-5 Total Antimony Demand Forecast 15
Figure 2-6 Antimony Price Projection 16
CHAPTER 3 ARSENIC (As) 17
3.1 Background 17
3.2 Sourcing and Production 17
Figure 3-1 Geographic Segmentation, Arsenic Production 18
3.3 Safety and Health 18
3.4 Applications 18
Figure 3-2 Arsenic Applications by Share 20
3.5 Market Analysis: Arsenic 20
Figure 3-3 Arsenic Demand Forecast: Agriculture and Construction 21
Figure 3-4 Arsenic Demand Forecast: General Industry and Electronics 21
Figure 3-5 Total Arsenic Demand Forecast 22
Figure 3-6 Arsenic Price Projection 22
CHAPTER 4 BERYLLIUM (Be) 23
4.1 Background 23
4.2 Sourcing and Production 23
Figure 4-1 Geographic Segmentation, Beryllium Production 24
4.3 Safety, Health and the Environment 24
4.4 Applications 25
Figure 4-2 Beryllium Applications by Share 28
Figure 4-3 Beryllium Applications by Share, End Markets 28
4.5 Market Analysis: Beryllium 28
Figure 4-4 Beryllium Demand Forecast: Electronic Components, Electronic Substrates 29
Figure 4-5 Beryllium Demand Forecast: Alloying 29
Figure 4-6 Total Beryllium Demand Forecast 30
Figure 4-7 Beryllium Price Projection 30
CHAPTER 5 BISMUTH (Bi) 31
5.1 Background 31
5.2 Sourcing and Production 31
Figure 5-1 Geographic Segmentation, Bismuth Production 32
5.3 Safety and Health 32
5.4 Applications 32
Figure 5-2 Bismuth Applications by Share 33
5.5 Market Analysis: Bismuth 33
Figure 5-3 Bismuth Demand Forecast: Alloys, Pharmaceuticals and Chemicals 35
Figure 5-4 Bismuth Demand Forecast: Metal Additives and Other 35
Figure 5-5 Total Bismuth Demand Forecast 36
Figure 5-6 Bismuth Price Projection 36
CHAPTER 6 CADMIUM (Cd) 37
6.1 Background 37
6.2 Sourcing and Production 37
Figure 6-1 Geographic Segmentation, Cadmium Production 38
6.3 Health, Safety and the Environment 38
6.4 Applications 40
6.4.1 Coatings 40
6.4.2 Pigments 42
6.4.3 Batteries 43
6.4.4 Alloying 45
6.4.5 Electronics and Semiconductors 47
6.4.6 Other Applications 47
Figure 6-2 Cadmium Applications by Share 49
6.5 Market Analysis: Cadmium 49
Figure 6-3 Cadmium Demand Forecast: Batteries and Coatings 51
Figure 6-4 Cadmium Demand Forecast: Pigments and Plastic Stabilizers 51
Figure 6-5 Total Cadmium Demand Forecast 52
Figure 6-6 Cadmium Price Projection 52
CHAPTER 7 CHROMIUM (Cr) 53
7.1 Background 53
7.2 Sourcing and Production 53
Figure 7-1 Geographic Segmentation, Chromium Production 54
7.3 Safety, Health and the Environment 54
7.4 Applications 55
Figure 7-2 Chromium Applications by Share 56
7.5 Market Analysis: Chromium 56
Figure 7-3 Chromium Demand Forecast: Alloying and Plating 57
Figure 7-4 Chromium Demand Forecast, Chemical Processing and Other 57
Figure 7-5 Total Chromium Demand Forecast 58
Figure 7-6 Chromium Price Projection: Ingot 58
CHAPTER 8 COBALT (Co) 59
8.1 Background 59
8.2 Sourcing and Production 60
Figure 8-1 Geographic Segmentation: Cobalt Production 61
8.3 Health, Safety and Nutrition 61
8.4 Applications 62
Figure 8-2 Cobalt Applications by Share 63
8.5 Market Analysis: Cobalt 63
Figure 8-3 Cobalt Demand Forecast: Batteries, Alloying and Tools 64
Figure 8-4 Cobalt Demand Forecast: Catalysts, Pigments and Magnets 65
Figure 8-5 Cobalt Demand Forecast: Soaps and Other 65
Figure 8-6 Total Cobalt Demand Forecast 66
Figure 8-7 Cobalt Price Projection 66
CHAPTER 9 GALLIUM (Ga) 67
9.1 Background 67
9.2 Sourcing and Production 67
Figure 9-1 Geographic Segmentation, Gallium Production 68
9.3 Health, Safety and the Environment 68
9.4 Applications 69
9.4.1 Industry 69
9.4.2 Semiconductors 69
Figure 9-2 Gallium Applications by Share 72
9.5 Market Analysis: Gallium 72
Figure 9-3 Gallium Demand Forecast: Integrated Circuits, Photonics, Alloying & Other 73
Figure 9-4 Total Gallium Demand Forecast 74
Figure 9-5 Gallium Price Projection 74
CHAPTER 10 GERMANIUM (Ge) 75
10.1 Background 75
10.2 Sourcing and Production 75
Figure 10-1 Geographic Segmentation, Germanium Production 75
10.3 Safety and Health 75
10.4 Applications 76
Figure 10-2 Germanium Applications by Share 77
10.5 Market Analysis: Germanium 77
Figure 10-3 Germanium Demand Forecast: Fiber Optics, IR Optics, Electronics/Solar 78
Figure 10-4 Germanium Demand Forecast: Polymer Catalysts, Other 78
Figure 10-5 Total Germanium Demand Forecast 79
Figure 10-6 Germanium Price Projection 79
CHAPTER 11 HAFNIUM (Hf) 80
11.1 Background 80
11.2 Sourcing and Production 80
Figure 11-1 Geographic Segmentation, Hafnium Production 81
11.3 Safety and Health 82
11.4 Applications 82
11.4.1 Nuclear 82
11.4.2 Alloying 82
11.4.3 Other applications 83
Figure 11-2 Hafnium Applications by Share 84
11.5 Market Analysis: Hafnium 84
Figure 11-3 Hafnium Demand Forecast: Superalloys – Aerospace and Non-Aerospace 85
Figure 11-4 Hafnium Demand Forecast: Nuclear, Hf Oxide 86
Figure 11-5 Hafnium Demand Forecast: Plasma Tools, Chemical Processing, Thin Films 86
Figure 11-6 Total Hafnium Demand Forecast 87
Figure 11-7 Hafnium Price Projection 87
CHAPTER 12 INDIUM (In) 88
12.1 Background 88
12.2 Sourcing and Production 88
Figure 12-1 Geographic Segmentation, Indium Production 89
12.3 Safety and Health 89
12.4 Applications 89
Figure 12-2 Indium Applications by Share 91
12.5 Market Analysis: Indium 91
Figure 12-3 Indium Demand Forecast: Coatings 93
Figure 12-4 Indium Demand Forecast: Alloys and Plating 93
Figure 12-5 Indium Demand Forecast: Semiconductors and Electrical Components 94
Figure 12-6 Total Indium Demand Forecast 94
Figure 12-7 Indium Price Projection 95
CHAPTER 13 LITHIUM (Li) 96
13.1 Background 96
13.2 Sourcing and Production 96
Figure 13-1 Geographic Segmentation, Lithium Production 97
13.3 Health and Safety: Metallic Lithium 98
13.4 Applications 98
13.4.1 General Industry 98
13.4.2 Batteries and Power Storage 99
13.4.3 Medicine 100
Figure 13-2 Lithium Applications by Share 101
13.5 Market Analysis: Lithium 101
Figure 13-3 Lithium Batteries, Cost per Kilowatt-Hour 102
Figure 13-4 Lithium Demand Forecast: Ceramics & Glass, Batteries 103
Figure 13-5 Lithium Demand Forecast: Lubricants, Medical, Other 103
Figure 13-6 Total Lithium Demand Forecast 104
Figure 13-7 Lithium Price Projection: Ingot 104
CHAPTER 14 MAGNESIUM (Mg) 105
14.1 Background 105
14.2 Sourcing and Production 106
Figure 14-1 Geographic Segmentation, Magnesium Production 106
14.3 Health, Safety & Nutrition 106
14.4 Applications 107
Figure 14-2 Magnesium Applications by Share 109
14.5 Market Analysis: Magnesium 109
Figure 14-3 Magnesium Demand Forecast: Alloying Aluminum, Die Casting 110
Figure 14-4 Magnesium Demand Forecast: Other Metallurgical, Other 111
Figure 14-5 Total Magnesium Demand Forecast 111
Figure 14-6 Magnesium Price Projection: Ingot 112
CHAPTER 15 MANGANESE (Mn) 113
15.1 Background 113
15.2 Sourcing and Production 113
Figure 15-1 Geographic Segmentation, Manganese Production 114
15.3 Health, Nutrition and Safety 114
15.4 Applications 115
Figure 15-2 Manganese Applications by Share 117
15.5 Market Analysis: Manganese 117
Figure 15-3 Manganese Demand Forecast: Alloying Steel 118
Figure 15-4 Manganese Demand Forecast: Alloying Aluminum, Alloying Other, Other Applications 118
Figure 15-5 Total Manganese Demand Forecast 119
Figure 15-6 Manganese Price Projection 119
CHAPTER 16 MERCURY (Hg) 120
16.1 Background 120
16.2 Sourcing and Production 120
Figure 16-1 Geographic Segmentation, Mercury Production 121
16.3 Health, Safety and the Environment 121
16.4 Applications 122
Figure 16-2 Mercury Applications by Share 123
16.5 Market Analysis: Mercury 123
Figure 16-3 Mercury Demand Forecast: Catalysts, Electrical Components 124
Figure 16-4 Total Mercury Demand Forecast 124
Figure 16-5 Mercury Demand Forecast: Mining, Other 125
Figure 16-6 Mercury Price Projection 125
CHAPTER 17 MOLYBDENUM (Mo) 126
17.1 Background 126
17.2 Sourcing and Production 126
Figure 17-1 Geographic Segmentation, Molybdenum Production 127
17.3 Health, Safety and Nutrition 127
17.4 Applications 128
Figure 17-2 Molybdenum Applications by Share 130
17.5 Market Analysis: Molybdenum 130
Figure 17-3 Molybdenum Demand Forecast: Alloying 131
Figure 17-4 Molybdenum Demand Forecast: Chemicals, Catalysts and Pigments 131
Figure 17-5 Molybdenum Demand Forecast: Lubricants and Pure Metal 132
Figure 17-6 Total Molybdenum Demand Forecast 132
Figure 17-7 Molybdenum Price Projection 133
CHAPTER 18 NIOBIUM (Nb) 134
18.1 Background 134
18.2 Sourcing and Production 134
Figure 18-1 Geographic Segmentation, Niobium Production 135
18.3 Health and Safety 135
18.4 Applications 136
Figure 18-2 Niobium Applications by Share 138
18.5 Market Analysis: Niobium 138
Figure 18-3 Niobium Demand Forecast: Steels and Superalloys 139
Figure 18-4 Niobium Demand Forecast: Optics and Electronics 139
Figure 18-5 Niobium Demand Forecast: Industrial and Other 140
Figure 18-6 Total Niobium Demand Forecast 140
Figure 18-7 Niobium Price Projection 141
CHAPTER 19 SELENIUM (Se) 142
19.1 Background 142
19.2 Sourcing and Production 142
Figure 19-1 Geographic Segmentation, Selenium Production 143
19.3 Health, Safety and Nutrition 143
19.4 Applications 144
Figure 19-2 Selenium Applications by Share 146
19.5 Market Analysis: Selenium 146
Figure 19-3 Selenium Demand Forecast: Alloying and Glass Making 147
Figure 19-4 Selenium Demand Forecast: Agriculture and Chemicals 147
Figure 19-5 Selenium Demand Forecast: Pigments, Electronics and Other 148
Figure 19-6 Total Selenium Demand Forecast 148
Figure 19-7 Selenium Price Projection, Ingot 149
CHAPTER 20 SILICON (Si) 150
20.1 Background 150
20.2 Sourcing and Production 151
Figure 20-1 Geographic Segmentation, Silicon Production 151
20.3 Safety, Health and Nutrition 152
20.4 Applications 152
Figure 20-2 Silicon Applications by Share 154
20.5 Market Analysis: Silicon 154
Figure 20-3 Silicon Demand Forecast: Alloying, Silicones 155
Figure 20-4 Silicon Demand Forecast: Electronics and Industrial 155
Figure 20-5 Total Silicon Demand Forecast 156
Figure 20-6 Silicon Price Projection 156
CHAPTER 21 TANTALUM (Ta) 157
21.1 Background 157
21.2 Sourcing and Production 157
Figure 21-1 Geographic Segmentation, Tantalum Production 158
21.3 Health and Safety 158
21.4 Applications 158
Figure 21-2 Tantalum Applications by Share 160
21.5 Market Analysis: Tantalum 160
Figure 21-3 Tantalum Demand Forecast: Electronics and Alloying 161
Figure 21-4 Tantalum Demand Forecast: Industrial and Medical 162
Figure 21-5 Total Tantalum Demand Forecast 162
Figure 21-6 Tantalum Price Projection 163
CHAPTER 22 TELLURIUM (Te) 164
22.1 Background 164
22.2 Sourcing and Production 164
Figure 22-1 Geographic Segmentation: Tellurium Production 165
22.3 Safety and Health 165
22.4 Applications 166
Figure 22-2 Tellurium Applications by Share 167
22.5 Market Analysis: Tellurium 167
Figure 22-3 Tellurium Demand Forecast: Steels and Other Alloying 168
Figure 22-4 Tellurium Demand Forecast: Industrial and Rubber 168
Figure 22-5 Tellurium Demand Forecast: Solar Panels and Electronics 169
Figure 22-6 Total Tellurium Demand Foreacast 169
Figure 22-7 Tellurium Price Projection: Ingot 170
CHAPTER 23 TITANIUM (Ti) 171
23.1 Background 171
23.2 Sourcing and Production 171
Figure 23-1 Geographic Segmentation, Titanium Production 173
23.3 Safety and Health 173
23.4 Applications 174
23.4.1 Chemicals 174
23.4.2 Pigments 174
Figure 23-2 Titanium: Metallic vs. Oxide 175
23.4.3 Industry and Aerospace 176
23.4.4 Medicine 177
23.4.5 Consumer Products 177
Figure 23-3 Metallic Titanium Applications by Share 178
23.5 Market Analysis: Titanium 178
Figure 23-4 Titanium Demand Forecast: Industrial and Aerospace 179
Figure 23-5 Titanium Demand Forecast: Defense and Medical 179
Figure 23-6 Titanium Demand Forecast: Consumer and Automotive 180
Figure 23-7 Total Titanium Demand Forecast 180
Figure 23-8 Titanium Price Projection 181
CHAPTER 24 TUNGSTEN (W) 182
24.1 Background 182
24.2 Sourcing and Production 182
Figure 24-1 Geographic Segmentation, Tungsten Production 183
24.3 Safety and Health 183
24.4 Applications 183
24.4.1 Metallic Tungsten 183
24.4.2 Chemical Tungsten 184
24.4.3 Tungsten Carbide and Alloys 184
Figure 24-2 Tungsten Applications by Share 186
24.5 Market Analysis: Tungsten 186
Figure 24-3 Tungsten Demand Forecast: Hard Metals and Alloys 187
Figure 24-4 Tungsten Demand Forecast: Chemicals and Other 187
Figure 24-5 Total Tungsten Demand Forecast 188
Figure 24-6 Tungsten Price Projection 188
CHAPTER 25 VANADIUM (V) 189
25.1 Background 189
25.2 Sourcing and Production 189
Figure 25-1 Geographic Segmentation: Vanadium Production 190
25.3 Safety and Health 190
25.4 Applications 191
Figure 25-2 Vanadium Applications by Share 193
25.5 Market Analysis: Vanadium 193
Figure 25-3 Vanadium Demand Forecast: Steel Alloys and Titanium Alloys 194
Figure 25-4 Vanadium Demand Forecast: Chemicals and Other 194
Figure 25-5 Total Vanadium Demand Forecast 195
Figure 25-6 Vanadium Price Projection 195
CHAPTER 26 ZIRCONIUM (Zr) 196
26.1 Background 196
26.2 Sourcing and Production 196
Figure 26-1 Geographic Segmentation, Zirconium Production 197
26.3 Safety and Health 197
26.4 Applications 198
Figure 26-2 Zirconium Applications by Share 200
26.5 Market Analysis: Zirconium 200
Figure 26-3 Zirconium Demand Forecast: Nuclear 201
Figure 26-4 Zirconium Demand Forecast: Alloys, Industrial and Other 201
Figure 26-5 Total Zirconium Demand Forecast 202
Figure 26-6 Zirconium Price Projection 202
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